Units of time in ancient Tamil history

1 kuzhi(kuRRuzhi)= 6.66 millisecond-the time taken by the Pleiades stars(aRumin) to glitter once. 12(base 8 ) or 10 kuzhigaL= 1 miy= 66.6666 millisecond-the time taken by the young human eyes to flap once. 2 kaNNimaigaL= 1 kainodi= 0.125 second 2 kainodi= 1 maatthirai= 0.25 second 6(base 8 ) or 6 miygaL= 1 siRRuzhi(nodi)= 0.40 second-the time taken for a bubble (created by blowing air through a bamboo tube into a vessel 1 saaN high, full of water) to travel a distance of one saaN . 2 maatthiraigaL= 1 kuru= 0.50 second 2(base 8 ) or 2 nodigaL= 1 vinaadi= 0.80 second-the time for the adult human heart to beat once 21⁄2 nodigaL= 2 kuru= 1 uyir= 1 second 5 nodigaL= 2 uyir= 1 saNigam= 1/2 aNu= 2 seconds 12(base 8 ) or 10 nodigaL= 1 aNu= 4 seconds 6(base 8 ) or 6 aNukkaL= 12 saNigam= 1 thuLi= 1 naazhigai-vinaadi= 24 seconds 12(base 8 ) or 10 thuLigaL= 1 kaNam= 4 minutes 6(base 8 ) or 6 kaNangaL= 1 naazhigai= 24 minutes 12(base 8 ) or 10 naazhigaigaL= 4 saamam= 1 siRupozhuthu= 240 minutes= 4 hours 6(base 8 ) or 6 siRu-pozhuthugaL= 1 naaL(1 day)= 24 hours 7 naaTkaL= 1 kizhamai(1 week) 15 naaTkaL= 1 azhuvam(1 fortnight ) 29.5 naaTkaL= 1 thingaL(1 lunar month) 2 thingaL= 1 perum-pozhuthu(1 season) 6 perum-pozhuthugaL= 1 AaNdu(1 year) 64 aaNdugaL= 1 vattam(1 cycle) 4096(=8^4) AaNdugaL= 1 Oozhi(1 epoch) Area Measurement 1 Marakkal vaedaipadu (seeds required for planting rice) = 8 cents 12.5 Marakkal vaedaipadu = 100 cents (one acre) Area calculation and Measurement Chart . 1 hectare = 2 acre 47 cent 1 hectare = 10,000 sq.m. 1 acre = 0.405 hectare 1 acre = 4046.82 sq.m. 1 acre = 43,560 sq.ft. 1 acre = 100 cent = 4840 sq.gejam 1 cent = 435.6 sq.ft. 1 cent = 40.5 sq.m 1 ground = 222.96 sq.m. = 5.5 cent 1 ground = 2400 sq.ft. 1 kuli = 44 cent 1 kaani = 132 cent = 3 kuli 1 kaani = 1.32 acre 1 kaani = 57,499 sq.ft. 1 acre = 2.25 kuli 1 dismil = 1.5 cent 1 furlong = 660 feet = 220 kejam 1 kilometre = 5 furlong 1 link / chain = 0.66 foot = 7.92 inch 1 kejam = 3 feet 1 mile = 8 furlong 1 ares = 1076 sq.ft. = 2.47 cent 1 chain = 22 kejam 1 furlong = 10 chain 1 kejam = 0.9144 metre 1 township = 36 sq.mile 1 sq.mile = 640 acre Units of ancient trade Balance weights Gold weights 4 nel edai= 1 kunRimaNi 2 kunRimaNi= 1 manjaadi 1 manjaadi= 1 paNavedai 5 paNavedai= 1 kazhanju 8 paNavedai= 1 varaaganedai 20 paNavedai= 4 kazhanju = 1 kaqhsu 80 paNavedai= 16 kazhanju= 4 kaqhsu= 1 palam. 1.5 Kazhanji = 8 gram or one pown Goods weights 32 kunRimaNi= 1 varaaganedai 10 varaaganedai= 1 palam 40 palam= 1 veesai 1000 palam =1 kaa 6 veesai= 1 thulaam 8 veesai= 1 maNangu 20 maNangu= 1 paaram. Grain volume 1 kuNam= smallest unit of volume 9 kuNam= 1 mummi 11 mummi= 1 aNu 7 aNu=1 immi 7 immi= 1 uminel 1 sittigai= 7 uminel 360 nel= 1 sevidu 5 sevidu= 1 aazhaakku 2 aazhaakku= 1 uzhakku 2 uzhakku= 1 uri 2 uri= 1 padi 8 padi= 1 marakkaal(kuRuNi) 2 marakkaal(kuRuNi)= 1 padhakku 2 padhakku= 1 thooNi 5 marakkaal= 1 paRai 80 paRai= 1 karisai 96 padi= 1 kalam 120 padi= 1 pothi(mootai) 21 marakkal = 1 Kottai 1 padi, = 1800 avarai pods = 12,800 miLagu seeds = 14,400 nel grains = 14,800 payaRu grains = 38,000 arisi grains = 115,200 sesame seeds Fluid volume 5 sevidu= 1 aazhaakku 2 mahani = 1 aazhakku (arai kal padi) 2 aazhaakku= 1 uzhakku (Kal padi) 2 uzhakku= 1 uri (Arai padi) 2 uri= 1 padi 8 padi= 1 marakkaal 2 marakkaal(kuRuNi)= 1 padhakku 2 padhakku= 1 thooNi 21 Marakkal = 1 Kottai Length 10 koaN= 1 nuNNaNu 10 nuNNaNU= 1 aNu(atom) 8 aNu= 1 kathirtthugaL 8 kathirtthugaL= 1 thusumbu 8 thusumbu= 1 mayirnuni 8 mayirnuni= 1 nuNmaNal 8 nuNmaNal= 1 siRu-kadugu 8 siRu-kadugu= 1 eL 8 eL= 1 nel 8 nel= 1 viral= 8^8 aNu(atom)= 1.9444 centimetre 12 viral= 1 saaN= 100 immi= 23.3333 centimetre 2 saaN= 1 muzham= 46.6666 centimetre 2 muzham= 1 kajam 4 muzham= 1 paagam 625 paagam= 1 kaadham= 5000 saaN= 1166.66 metres= 1.167 kilometre Likeness (Saartthal) Likeness has attributes of tone, sound, colour and shape for comparison of a given substance with a known standard. Whole numbers 1= onRu 10= patthu 100= nooRu 1000= aayiram 10,000= pathaayiram 100,000= nooRaayiram 1000,000= meiyiram 10^9= thoLLunn 10^12= eegiyam 10^15= neLai 10^18= iLanji 10^20= veLLam 10^21= aambal Sanskrit texts elaborate the following version: * 1 = ONDRU -one * 10 = PATHU -ten * 100 = NOORU-hundred * 1,000 = AAYIRAM-thousand * 10,000 = PATHAAYIRAM -ten thousand * 100,000 = LATCHAM-hundred thousand * 1,000,000 = PATHU LATCHAM - one million * 10,000,000 = KODI-ten million * 100,000,000 = ARPUTHAM-hundred million * 1,000,000,000 = NIGARPUTHAM- one billion * 10,000,000,000 = KUMBAM-ten billion * 100,000,000,000 = KANAM-hundred billion * 1,000,000,000,000 = KARPAM-one trillion * 10,000,000,000,000 = NIKARPAM -ten trillion * 100,000,000,000,000 = PATHUMAM -hundred trillion * 1,000,000,000,000,000 = SANGGAM -quadrillion * 10,000,000,000,000,000 = VELLAM -ten quadrillion * 100,000,000,000,000,000 = ANNIYAM -hundred quadrillion * 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 = ARTTAM -quintillion * 10,000,000,000,000,000,000 = PARARTTAM -ten quintillion * 100,000,000,000,000,000,000 = POORIYAM -hundred quintillion * 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 = MUKKODI -sextillion * 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 = MAHAYUGAM -ten sextillion Fractions 1= onRu 3/4= mukkaal 1/2= arai 1/4= kaal 1/5= naalumaa 3/16= moonRu veesam 3/20= moonRumaa 1/8= araikkaal 1/10= irumaa 1/16= maakaaNi (veesam) 1/20= orumaa 3/64= mukkaal veesam 3/80= mukkaaN 1/32= araiveesam 1/40 araimaa 1/64= kaal veesam 1/80= kaaNi 3/320= araikkaaNi munthiri 1/160= araikkaaNi 1/320= munthiri 1/102,400= keezh munthiri 1/2,150,400= immi 1/23,654,400= mummi 1/165,580,800= aNu 1/1,490,227,200= kuNam 1/7,451,136,000= pantham 1/44,706,816,000= paagam 1/312,947,712,000= vintham 1/5,320,111,104,000= naagavintham 1/74,481,555,456,000= sinthai 1/1,489,631,109,120,000= kathirmunai 1/59,585,244,364,800,000= kuralvaLaippidi 1/3,575,114,661,888,000,000= veLLam 1/357,511,466,188,800,000,000= nuNNmaNl 1/2,323,824,530,227,200,000,000= thaertthugaL Currency 1 pal (wooden discs/sea shellots)= (approximately) 0.9 grain 8 (or 10 base 8 ) paRkaL =1 senkaaNi (copper/bronze) = 7.2 grains(misinterpretted by Roman accounts as 10 base 10 paRkal =9 grains) 1/4 senkaaNi =1 kaalkaaNi (copper) =1.8 grains(misinterpretted by Roman accounts as 2.25 grains) 64 (or 100 base 8 ) paRkaL = 1 KaaNap-pon a.k.a. Kaasu panam(gold) = 57.6 grains 1 Roman dinarium was traded on par with 2 KaaNappon plus 1 SenkaaNi(=124 grains). 18 Ana = 2.5 Rupee, 16 Ana = 1 Rupee, 1 Ana = 3 Thuttu, 1/4 Ana = 3/4 (mukkal) thuttu